type 2 diabetes

• Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease in which blood sugar levels chronically rise due to insulin resistance.and accounts for approximately 90-95% of all diabetes cases.
• T-type mutation in DNA region rs11095909Research shows that people with the disease tend to be at higher risk of developing
• appropriateDiet, exercise, and weight managementIt is possible to reduce the risk of onset and prevent progression.

Overview Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder in which blood glucose (sugar) levels are high because the body is unable to use insulin effectively. In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin, whereas in T2DM, the body's cells normally produce insulin, but the body's cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, a condition called insulin resistance. Over time, the pancreas also produces less insulin, worsening the condition. The characteristics of T2DM are associated with specific risk factors and physical characteristics. Although it is more commonly diagnosed in adults, its prevalence is increasing in young people in part due to rising obesity rates. Individuals are often overweight or obese, with a greater distribution of fat, especially around the abdomen (central obesity). Other signs include dark, velvety skin patches that appear in the folds and wrinkles of the body, a possible sign of conditions such as acanthosis nigricans and hypertension or dyslipidemia. Symptoms of T2DM can develop slowly and can include frequent thirst and frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow wound healing. However, some people may not notice noticeable symptoms in the early stages, highlighting the importance of screening in high-risk populations. The condition is diagnosed through blood tests including fasting plasma glucose, HbA1C, or oral glucose tolerance testing. Treatment for T2DM includes lifestyle changes such as diet, exercise, and weight loss, along with medications to lower blood sugar levels if needed. Without proper treatment, T2DM can lead to serious complications, including cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, neuropathy, and retinopathy. A study by Givisay Domínguez-Cruz and colleagues at the National Polytechnic Institute's Center for Advanced Research revealed that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is associated with a DNA region called rs11095909. There are three genotypes in this DNA region: TT, TC, and CC, and it was found that people with the T genotype tend to have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease in which blood glucose levels are chronically elevated due to insulin resistance.It accounts for approximately 90-95% of all diabetic patients (1).

Causes and mechanisms of type 2 diabetes

While type 1 diabetes is a complete cessation of insulin secretion, type 2 diabetes is a combination of the following two factors:

• Insulin resistance:cells become resistant to the action of insulin
• Decreased β-cell function:Gradual decrease in insulin production in the pancreas

The main risk factors are:

• Obesity (especiallycentral obesity= fat accumulation around the abdomen)
• Lack of exercise/inappropriate eating habits
• Genetic predisposition (family history)
• Aging (commonly occurs in middle-aged and elderly people)

Main symptoms of type 2 diabetes

The symptoms areProgressing slowlyTherefore, there are cases where it is not noticed in the early stages.

• Frequent dry mouth/drinking and urinating
• chronic fatigue
• blurred vision
• wounds heal slowly
• Acanthosis nigricans (skin darkening)

Difference between type 2 diabetes and type 1 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes complication risk

Without proper treatment, the following complications may occur:

• cardiovascular disease(myocardial infarction/stroke)
• diabetic nephropathy(renal dysfunction)
• diabetic neuropathy(Peripheral nerve disorder)
• diabetic retinopathy(Risk of decreased visual acuity/blindness)

Diagnostic method

It is diagnosed by the following blood tests.

• Fasting plasma glucose test
• HbA1C (glycated hemoglobin) test
• Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

Relationship between DNA region rs11095909 and onset risk

A study by Domínguez-Cruz et al. (1) at the National Polytechnic Institute revealed that the DNA region rs11095909 is associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

• There are three genotypes of rs11095909: TT, TC, and CC.
• Genotype with T-type mutationpeople tend to be at higher risk of type 2 diabetes

Genotype distribution in Japanese (rs11095909)

Q1. What is type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease in which blood glucose levels are chronically elevated due to insulin resistance.It accounts for approximately 90-95% of all diabetes cases, and obesity, lack of exercise, and genetic factors are involved in a complex manner (1).

Q2. What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

The main cause isInsulin resistance and decreased pancreatic β cell functionIt is. Obesity (particularly the visceral fat type), physical inactivity, and genetic predisposition are major risk factors. Carriers of the T mutation in the DNA region rs11095909 tend to be at increased risk (1).

Q3. What is the difference between type 2 diabetes and type 1 diabetes?

Type 1 isInsulin secretion cessation due to autoimmunityIt causes acute onset in young people. Type 2 isinsulin resistanceThe main cause is that it develops gradually in middle-aged and elderly people, and lifestyle habits are strongly involved.

Q4. Can genetic testing determine the risk of type 2 diabetes?

By examining the genotype of DNA region rs11095909,Understanding trends in the risk of developing type 2 diabetesYou can. Studies have shown that people with the T mutation genotype tend to be at increased risk (1).